The Society of Research Administrators International (SRA International) is the premier global research management society providing education, professional development and the latest comprehensive information about research management to professionals from over 40 countries. In this time of increasing international research collaborations, SRA International maintains the largest network of research managers in the world. Being part of this growing vibrant network gives you access to the changing research management landscape and fosters relationships among collaborating institutions. SRA International’s major strength is its diversity. We are the only research management society in the world whose membership spans the entire spectrum of research institutions including: colleges and universities, research hospitals and institutes, government agencies, non-profit funders of research, and industry. Whether you are a Vice President for Research, a mid-level research manager or new to the profession, and you are responsible for pre- or post-award grant and contract administration, regulatory compliance, technology transfer, or clinical trials management, SRA International is your reliable source for education and professional development. The diversity of our members, member organizations and program offerings make us the premier research management society. Focus and Scope The Journal aims to provide an outlet for research and scholarship on management-related themes and topics. With contributions from around the globe, the journal includes empirical, conceptual and methodological articles across the full range of business and management disciplines, including: Accounting and Finance Human Resource Management Innovation and Entrepreneurship Marketing Organizational Management Strategic Management Technology and E-Business International Business Anthropology Sociology Economics Education Criminology Linguistics Law History Communication Studies Political Science Human Geography Psychology
FEDERATED LEARNING-BASED ADAPTIVE ROUTING FOR PRIVACY-AWARE MULTI-DOMAIN NETWORK OPTIMIZATION
Traditional routing algorithms depend on centralized data collection, which poses scalability and privacy challenges in large and distributed network environments. With the advent of Federated Learning (FL), routing models can now be trained collaboratively across multiple network domains without sharing raw traffic data, preserving privacy while maintaining global performance optimization. This paper presents a Federated Learning-based Routing (FLR) Framework that enables distributed routers or domains to collaboratively learn optimal routing policies. Each local model is trained using network telemetry such as delay, bandwidth, and packet loss, and only the learned parameters are shared with a global aggregator for model fusion. The aggregator applies Federated Averaging (FedAvg) to derive a global routing model that is redistributed to participating domains, enabling privacy-preserving and adaptive routing optimization. The proposed method ensures scalability and adaptability across heterogeneous domains. Simulation results show that the proposed FL-based routing achieves up to 26% lower average delay, 48% reduction in packet loss, and 7% higher throughput compared to centralized machine learning approaches, while significantly minimizing privacy leakage and communication overhead. The results validate that FLR can efficiently adapt to dynamic traffic patterns and heterogeneous domains, maintaining near-optimal routing performance without direct data exchange.
EXPLORING DIGITAL PLATFORMS IN COLLABORATIVE LEARNING AND COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT AMONG ACADEMICS IN MALAYSIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
Purpose: This study investigates how academics in Malaysian public universities employ digital platforms to enhance collaborative teaching practices and communication competencies. Theoretically, the research aims to move the discourse beyond basic digital literacy to "strategic communicative competence," shifting the focus from technical proficiency to strategic medium selection. Design/Methodology/Approach: Adopting a qualitative interpretivist approach, the study utilized semi-structured interviews with 12 academics selected through purposive sampling from leading Malaysian Institutions. The research design was grounded in two theoretical frameworks: Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) and Media Synchronicity Theory (MST). Thematic analysis was employed using a hybrid coding approach to identify patterns regarding technology adoption and communication dynamics. Findings: The findings reveal a "stratified digital ecosystem" where educators blend mandated institutional Learning Management Systems (e.g., Moodle) with productivity suites (e.g., Google Workspace) and interactive tools (e.g., Padlet). The study identifies that successful integration depends on "strategic synchronicity alignment," where academics match media capabilities to pedagogical goals. Furthermore, digital platforms serve as a "safe harbor" that democratizes participation for introverted students and facilitates borderless communication by integrating global experts into the virtual classroom. Originality: This research contributes to the field by applying Media Synchronicity Theory (MST) to the educational context, providing a vocabulary for academics to understand why certain collaborations succeed or fail based on the match between tool speed and task depth. It distinguishes itself by defining the specific "stratified digital ecosystem" utilized in Malaysian public universities and linking platform usage directly to the development of professional soft skills like text-based precision and "netiquette". Practical and Social Implications: Institutions should adopt "blended ecosystems" that prioritize pedagogical purpose over technical instruction, ensuring technology serves as a strategic tool rather than a superficial addition. This approach democratizes learning by reducing social anxiety for introverted students while fostering the intercultural networking skills essential for the 21st-century workforce.
QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF INSECURITY ON MICROENTERPRISES IN ENUGU METROPOLIS, NIGERIA
The study assessed the Qualitative Influence of Insecurity on Microenterprises in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine the Influence of the Destruction of Property on Microenterprises and evaluate the Influence of Forced Displacement on Microenterprises in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria. A qualitative research design was adopted for the study. The data were gathered using semi-structured interviews and/or discussions in a focus group, where participants could give their experiences in detail. The data were analyzed using the multiple linear regression technique. The result of the study revealed that Destruction of Property has a significant influence on Microenterprises with a p-value of (0.000<0.05), and Forced Displacement has a significant influence on Microenterprises with a p-value of (0.000<0.05), in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria. The study concluded that insecurity through property destruction and forced displacement significantly constrains microenterprise resilience in Enugu Metropolis, affecting income stability, employment capacity, and business confidence. The study recommended, among others, that the state government, local government authorities, and relevant agencies should establish a microenterprise recovery fund to provide quick, low-bureaucracy support for affected businesses after incidents of vandalism, arson, looting, or damage.
Ghasi, Nwanneka C., Ezeabii, Ijeoma C., Egbo Doris Ebenouvbe,
ROLE OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN ENHANCING CLASSROOM INTERACTION IN ENGLISH FIRST ADDITIONAL LANGUAGE CLASSROOM
Non-verbal communication is a crucial aspect of teaching and learning, especially in language classrooms where effective communication enhances learners’ understanding and participation. This study explored the effects of the teachers’ non-verbal communication on learners’ participation in English First Additional Language classroom based on the non-verbal communication classification by Marcinowicz et al. (2010), which includes eye contact, facial expressions, touch, interpersonal distance, gesture, posture, tone of voice, and dress. This study explored how teachers' non-verbal communication influences learners' participation in EFAL classrooms and suggests strategies for improving teaching effectiveness through enhanced non-verbal communication. The study applied a qualitative research approach using semi-structured interview as data collection instruments with twelve learners who were purposefully sampled to explore the nuanced and subjective nature of communication and learner participation. The results showed that using non-verbal communication strategies such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice, and dress by the teachers enhance the quality of learning and build a good relationship between teachers and learners. These strategies can create a fun learning atmosphere, motivate learners, and strengthen their understanding of the learning material. The study recommends that the Department of Basic Education should provide teachers with training on non-verbal communication techniques and encourage reflective teaching practices to help teachers evaluate their non-verbal cues and incorporate non-verbal communication as part of teacher assessment and development programmes. The study also recommends that the school curriculum should incorporate non-verbal communication as part of teacher assessment and development programmes to promote culturally sensitive communication to avoid misunderstandings in diverse classrooms. Future research can investigate how cultural or linguistic backgrounds of teachers and learners affect the interpretation of non-verbal cues.
THE IMPACT OF MULTI-PURPOSE NOZZLE DESIGN ON MOSQUITO FOGGING SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS
Nozzle design affects fogging flow velocity patterns and acoustic characteristics, aiming to enhance mosquito control strategies essential for reducing diseases like dengue fever. Achieving optimal smoke dispersal through dense foliage and narrow spaces necessitates careful selection of nozzle types and diameters. The research focuses on the impact of audible sound on mosquito fogging spray properties in the presence of smoke and fog, examining the effect of nozzle design on fogging flow velocity patterns and characteristics, and the frequency response of noise distribution using different nozzle configurations. Utilizing CATIA V5, ANSYS Mechanical 2022 R2, and MATLAB software, various nozzle designs—including cone flat, square-flat, and cone-square-triangle—were analyzed. Results indicate that cone nozzles achieve the highest velocity thrust, outperforming flat, square, and triangle nozzles. The flat-cone nozzle excelled in smoke dispersal, maintaining high sound pressure levels (SPL) and acoustic pressure, particularly at a resonant frequency of 1700Hz, ensuring effective smoke penetration and distribution in dense foliage and narrow spaces. Wavelet analysis revealed that flat-cone and cone-square-triangle nozzles produce higher and denser wavelet pockets, enhancing turbulence and mixing for improved smoke distribution. These findings underscore the effectiveness of the flat-cone nozzle for comprehensive fogging coverage. The study recommends future research on integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and sensors into nozzle designs to develop smart nozzles that adjust spray patterns in real-time based on mosquito activity. This integration would maximize efficiency, minimize environmental impact, and optimize pesticide use by focusing resources on areas with high mosquito activity while reducing unnecessary applications. Such advancements could lead to more efficient mosquito control, minimizing the negative effects on the environment and non-target organisms.
Nozzle design, smoke dispersion, velocity patterns, acoustic characteristics, noise distribution, wavelet analysis.
Pavinar Krishnamurthy, Syamir Alihan Showkat Ali, Zary Shariman Yahaya
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Research Administration
Dengue Epidemic Control in Malaysia- Challenges in Engineering Control
In Malaysia, dengue fever has a high death rate, ranking as one of the most severe arthropod-borne infections that may be contracted. In Malaysia, the reproduction of dengue mosquitoes has developed into a significant problem for the country's public health. However, prevention efforts against the dengue fever pandemic must be started as soon as possible. In Malaysia, there are certain protocols to follow for the majority of difficulties, and both tropical and subtropical influences may be felt in Malaysia, particularly in the country's metropolitan and semi-urban areas. Dengue fever may be passed thru infection by bite of infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, specifically has recently fed on a person who is already infected with the disease. There is no transmission of dengue disease from one individual to another. It is only possible to get the disease by the bitten of infected mosquitoes only. The primary research problem begins with a current trend problem in the dengue epidemic, which is increasing day by day in Malaysia and necessitates a specific method of engineering control, particularly in improving the product to prevent the dengue epidemic. This presents a challenge for the researchers because need a proper engineering method of solution as a quickly as possible study. In addition, the primary focus of the research is on the rapid proliferation of Aedes mosquitoes due to the presence in engineering control. The purpose of this research is to find a way an Integrated Study of dengue prevention and engineering control method for aedes mosquitoes breeding to stop the spread of the dengue virus, which occurs when an infected Aedes mosquito bites a person and transmits the disease in certain dengue breeding locations, such as Selangor, Malaysia. Moreover, to battle aedes mosquitoes with the appropriate strategy and integration of engineering methods will help eliminate Aedes breeding spots phenomena. This study would then decrease the total number of dengue cases in the integrated study of dengue prevention in engineering control method for aedes mosquitoes breeding. The integration of engineering control will allow the machine to be improved following the most appropriate techniques and methods practiced in dengue vector control to decrease the number of cases that are becoming critical in Malaysia.
Dengue prevention, current engineering control, mosquito breeding spot, aedes aegypti, fogging machine
Pavinar Krishnamurthy , Syamir Alihan Showkat Ali, Zary Shariman Yahaya
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Research Administration
THE ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF TRADE IN NIGERIA: A DISAGGREGATED ANALYSIS FOCUSING ON LONG-RUN EFFECTS
The examination of the economic impact of trade in Nigeria; a dis-aggregated analysis within the period of 1986 to 2023 is carried out in this research. The variables utilized comprised of GDP, proxied for economic expansion, exports and imports made up of oil and non-oil each, inflation rate, exchange rate and equally gross capital formation. The outcomes of ADF test, showed the presence of mixed order of integration. Consequently, the key findings of this research using ARDL indicated that exports with respect to oil and non-oil have significant positive impact on the expansion of Nigeria’s economy, whereas oil imports negatively and insignificantly influenced the output expansion in Nigeria. Lastly, non-oil imports affected the output expansion in Nigeria positively and significantly. In view of these discoveries, we recommend that federal authority should focus on investing oil revenue wisely, improving local processing/refining, and stabilizing policies against price shocks so as to avoid the "resource curse" by leveraging oil wealth for broader development.
Odo Stephen Idenyi, Edore Julius Ovuefeyen, Atuma Emeka, Nnali Omezue Agbagbuenyi
CONSTRAINTS TO SUPERVISION OF POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH FOR QUALITY OUTPUT BY BUSINESS EDUCATORS IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN THE SOUTH-EAST, NIGERIA
The study determined the Constraints to Supervision of Postgraduate Research for Quality Output by Business Educators in Public Universities in South-East, Nigeria. The specific objectives considered Supervisors-related and Students-related constraints to supervision of postgraduate research for quality output by Business Educators in public universities in South-East Nigeria. Population for the study was 78 Business Educators across the public universities in South-East Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was adopted, using a questionnaire design with a 4-point Likert scale to elicit responses from the focus population. The standard deviation was used to determine the homogeneity or otherwise of the opinions of the respondents. The t-test was used to test the null hypotheses. Analysis was carried out using statistical packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The result revealed that supervisors-related constraints to supervision of postgraduate research have a significant effect on quality output by Business Educators in public universities in South-East Nigeria [t-stat=7.319, p<0.001]. Students-related constraints to supervision of postgraduate research have a significant effect on the quality of output by Business Educators in public universities in South-East Nigeria [t-stat=16.200, p<0.001]. The study concluded that improving postgraduate research quality in Business Education in public universities in South-East Nigeria requires a dual-focus approach: addressing supervisor-side bottlenecks while simultaneously strengthening student preparedness, responsibility, and research competence. The study recommended that University management and relevant regulatory bodies should set and enforce realistic supervision loads per supervisor, while students should be equipped with necessary skills for research procedures.
Constraints, Postgraduate, Quality, Research, Supervision
Ezeabii, Ijeoma C., Ghasi, Nwanneka C., Aneke, Marcellinus N.
TEXT COMMUNICATION CYCLE: A SOCIO-PRAGMATIC STUDY OF SELECTED REPORTS ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS)
This study introduces and theorises the Text Communication Cycle as a linguistic framework for analyzing the socio-pragmatic dimensions of communication has been applied to oﬃcial reports, speciﬁcally focusing on the yearly Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) reports. This research aims to unveil the evolving communicative strategies employed by the United Nations in its eﬀorts to inform, persuade, and mobilize global stakeholders towards achieving the 2030 Agenda by examining the communicative intents, encoding strategies, transmission channels, anticipated reception, and feedback mechanisms embedded within these crucial documents. A socio-pragmatic lens is applied to selected SDG reports from 2020 to 2025, analyzing linguistic choices, narrative structures, visual communication, politeness strategies, implicatures, speech acts, and framing. Findings reveal signiﬁcant adaptations in the UN's communication strategies over time, particularly in response to global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and escalating climate change. This theoretical and empirical investigation provides a robust methodology for future research into the communicative dynamics of global governance and sustainable development.
Text Communication Cycle, Socio-pragmatics, Sustainable Development Goals, Discourse analysis, Global governance communication.
DETERMINANTS OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND CULTURE TOWARD ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC INDUSTRIES IN LIBYA: PLS-SEM APPROACH
This study examines the determinants of knowledge management (KM) practices and their impact on organisational performance within public industries in Libya. Drawing on the Resource-Based View (RBV) and Knowledge-Based perspectives, the research investigates the roles of administrative leadership, training, incentives, and oversight and monitoring as key antecedents influencing management practice and organisational culture, which in turn affect organisational performance. A quantitative research design was employed using survey data collected from employees in Libyan public sector organisations. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was applied to assess both the measurement and structural models. The findings reveal that training and incentives significantly influence management practice and culture, while administrative leadership and oversight and monitoring demonstrate direct effects on organisational performance. Furthermore, management practice and culture play a mediating role in enhancing organisational outcomes. The results highlight the critical importance of enhancing a supportive organisational culture, strengthening leadership capabilities, and investing in employee development and incentive systems to improve knowledge management effectiveness. This study contributes to the limited empirical literature on KM in developing economies, particularly within the Libyan public sector, and offers practical implications for policymakers and organisational leaders seeking to enhance performance through knowledge-driven strategies.
Knowledge Management Practices, Organisational Performance, Administrative Leadership, Organisational Culture, Public Sector, Libya
Abdulqadir Mohammed Amhimmid Suwayd, S. M. Ferdous Azam, Jacquline Tham
IMPACT OF EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION INCENTIVES ON CORPORATE INNOVATION PERFORMANCE: ANALYSIS OF THE MEDIATING EFFECT BASED ON R&D INVESTMENT
Innovation-driven development relies on enterprises as the primary agents of innovation, with talent being the cornerstone of corporate innovation. As the principal custodians of innovation within enterprises, executive incentives are regarded as a crucial mechanism for resolving principal-agent conflicts and enhancing corporate innovation performance. This study examines the impact of executive compensation incentives on corporate innovation performance and its underlying mechanisms, using Chinese A-share listed companies from 2014 to 2023 as the research sample. Findings reveal that executive compensation incentives exert a significant positive influence on substantive innovation performance, strategic innovation performance, and overall innovation performance, with the most pronounced effect observed on strategic innovation. Executive compensation incentives can increase corporate output in substantive and strategic innovation by promoting greater investment in R&D personnel and capital. R&D investment partially mediates the relationship between executive compensation incentives and corporate innovation performance. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that executive compensation incentives exert a stronger influence on innovation performance in enterprises located in eastern and central regions, as well as in non-state-owned enterprises. Consequently, companies should implement targeted executive incentive schemes tailored to their regional characteristics, ownership structure, and specific developmental requirements.
executive compensation incentives, substantive innovation performance, strategic innovation performance, research and development investment
HYBRID PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA
The study examined the effect of Hybrid Project Management on Environmental Sustainability in Enugu State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine the effect of Blended Project Management on Environmental Sustainability and evaluate the effect of Adaptive Project Management on Environmental Sustainability in Enugu State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted for the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire design with a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Simple linear regression analysis was employed to test the study's hypotheses. The result revealed that Blended Project Management has a significant positive effect on Environmental Sustainability with a p-value of (0.019 < 0.05), and Adaptive Project Management has a significant positive effect on Environmental Sustainability with a p-value of (0.024 < 0.05), in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study concluded that Hybrid Project Management has a significant positive effect on Environmental Sustainability in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study recommended, among others, that Government ministries, development agencies, and private project organizations in Enugu State should formally integrate Hybrid Project Management (HPM) frameworks into their operational strategies.
Environmental, Hybrid, Management, Project, Sustainability
Chukwu Chinaechetam, Okoye, Boniface. S. A., Agu Augustine Obinna
SECURITY DILEMMAS AND ALLIANCES IN A SHIFTING GLOBAL ORDER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF GREAT POWER RESPONSES TO RISING MILITARY CAPABILITIES
This article is a systematic literature review guided by PRISMA on the reaction of the traditional great powers on growing military power in a changing international system, focusing specifically on the security issues and alliances as a consequence. In the case of peer-reviewed articles published in 1990-2024, databases Scopus, Web of Science, and JSTOR were viewed as exhaustively as possible. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were then applied to documents and an inductive-deductive approach of coding was implemented. The synthesis produced is grouped into seven thematic clusters these consist RussiaNATO dynamics, chinas expansion in IndoPacific, the structure of alliances that existed in the Cold War, post milennium alliances, historical myths, nuclear deterrent, and emerging technologies. The three strategic patterns; balancing, bandwagoning, and hedging patterns exist throughout and regularly within the data; however, more widespread in the current responses can be observed to be a combination of these practice into hybrid responses that integrate moral signalling, deterrence, and institutional participation. The position of realist explanations is not vanishing yet, but rather liberal institutionalist and constructivist approaches are remaining ever more popular, especially in explaining the persistence of alliances and identity responses. The cyber capabilities, artificial intelligence, and hypersonic technologies provide more intricate conventional deterrence logic and alliance guarantees because of the clarity of decisions and the reduced decision-making timelines. The contribution that the review makes is a hybrid framework which is integrative but explicitly shows how technological innovation transforms every connection between the perceived threats, strategic tools and results. There is a research agenda that is a priority and which covers technology, middle-power hedging and institutional fragmentation which is presented in the conclusion together with policy implications of crisis management.
Security Dilemma, Military, Rising Powers, Global Power shift, Great Power Strategy.
ECOLOGICAL SELF: THE PASSAGE TO SELF REALIZATION
The environmental crisis reflects a deeper issue within our minds and spirits. The pressures of ecological degradation are so clear that protecting the environment has become essential. In this regard, deep ecology represents a new and significant ecological movement that emerges as a fresh perspective to address the unavoidable transformations humanity is facing. Arne Naess’ deep ecology theory seeks to address our sense of emptiness and anxiety, allowing individuals to restore a sense of connection with both living and non-living entities. Deep ecology plays a crucial role in enhancing our ecological awareness as we confront worldwide environmental challenges for several reasons. Ecological awareness represents an emerging mind-set that leads us toward sustainable development. It fosters a connection with nature, establishing ecological harmony since all elements are interconnected within the web of life. Therefore, the eco-centric approach to environmental ethics serves as a comprehensive method for addressing environmental issues, integrating thought, emotion, spirituality, and action. The relationship between humans and the environment relies on the ability to connect with otherness, allowing the self to expand and deepen. This realization fosters a stronger bond with all forms of life, enabling a transition from an ego (G) perspective to an eco (C) perspective. To achieve this transformation from ‘G’ to ‘C,’ we must cultivate our ecological awareness. It is essential for the world to undergo a significant shift toward an eco-centric mind -set rooted in ecological understanding, prompting us to care for and act on behalf of whole ecosystems, not just ourselves. When there is a balance between ‘G’ and ‘C,’ beings exist harmoniously within the universe. However, when the focus leans too heavily toward the ‘Self,’ or ‘ego,’ an imbalance occurs, leading to emerging issues. The notion of Self-realization stands out as one of Arne Naess’s key contributions to ecological philosophy. In Naess’s framework of deep ecology, it is an essential endeavour for grasping our role within nature, as it facilitates the transition from an anthropocentric worldview to an ecocentric one. Naess describes the process of identifying oneself with the ecological Self as Self-realization (Naess, 1987). He posits that through expanding one's self-conception and identification, one embodies the ecological Self. This illustrates that the act of identification is crucial in Self-realization, as well as signifies the acknowledgment of nature's intrinsic value. As rational beings, humans continuously seek to comprehend the essence of the self. The inquiry into the nature of self has long been a pivotal topic in philosophy, particularly within psychology and religion. In the realm of psychology, the self is characterized as the entirety of a person's attributes, encompassing their physical, mental, and emotional characteristics, which enable individuals to distinguish themselves from others. Our understanding of ourselves aids in interpreting and recognizing patterns within our surroundings. Conversely, religion proposes that the self or soul is a spiritual entity that can be either elevated or tarnished by one’s thoughts and actions. According to Naess, the identification of the self with the ecological Self is known as Self-realization (Naess, 1987). He argues that through the process of identification and widening of one’s self-conception, one becomes the ecological Self. It shows that the process of identification plays an important role in Self-realization, as well as represents the recognition of intrinsic value of nature. Humans, being rational, always strive to understand the nature of the self. The question of what is self has been an important concern of philosophy, especially in the fields of psychology and religion.In psychology, the self is defined as the sum of a person’s attributes that includes their physical, mental and emotional traits, and through which people define themselves as separate or different from other people. There are two major functions of the self: the executive function and the organizational function. The executive function of the self refers to the way our sense of self helps us regulate our actions. The organizational function of the self plays a role in organizing information. Our knowledge of ourselves helps us interpret and recognize patterns in our environment.
EFFECTIVENESS OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRENSIC MUSCLE STRENGTHENING EXERCISES WITH MFR OF PLANTAR FASCIA IN INDIVIDUAL WITH PLANTAR FASCIITIS
The plantar fascia is a thick band of tissue (fascia) that connects your heel bone to the base of your toes. The fascia is centrally, known as aponeurosis and is thin along the sides. The fascia consists of three parts, medial, lateral and the central part, respectively. Objective: The present study was done to find the effectiveness of combination of intrinsic and extrinsic muscle strengthening for plantar fasciitis. Methodology: A sample size of 30 subjects were selected by random sampling method and divided into three groups containing 10 in each group. Subject in group A were treated with intrinsic muscle strengthening, subject in group B were treated with extrinsic group of strengthening only. Group C was treated with combination of intrinsic and extrinsic muscle strengthening. Results: Myofascial release technique help to break the break adhesion and soft tissue contractures. the vicious cycle of tightness and weakness by broke by including strengthening of extrinsic and intrinsic muscle along with release of posterior muscle while ultimately increased ankle dorsiflexion. Conclusion: Thus the study conclude that the simultaneous stretching and strengthening of both the muscle groups is superior to strengthening of single muscle group alone.
Plantar fascia, Intrinsic muscle, Extrinsic muscle, Myofascial-release (MFR).
Aishwarya S. Vernekar, Dr. G. Varadharajulu
TRIBALISM AND RESISTANCE: EXPLORING TRIBAL MOVEMENTS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES IN ODISHA
Tribal communities in Odisha constitute approximately 23% of the state’s population and remain socio-economically marginalized despite significant developmental efforts. This paper analyses secondary data from the Odisha Economic Survey (2024–25), the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (2022), and the Census of India (2011) to examine disparities in literacy and poverty affecting Scheduled Tribes (STs). It further explores how tribal identity and cultural cohesion shape resistance movements against systemic exclusion. Findings reveal a persistent literacy gap of nearly 14 percentage points between tribal communities and the state average, and multidimensional poverty rates in tribal-majority districts exceeding 35–45%, significantly higher than the state average of 15.7%. Cultural identity emerges as both a unifying and mobilizing force, fuelling diverse forms of resistance, including legal action, protests, and alliances with civil society organizations. The study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions and further research into gender dimensions of tribal resistance.
Tribal communities, Odisha, literacy, poverty, resistance movements, tribal identity, secondary data analysis.
Yashaswini S, Dr. Priya Srinivasa, Dr. Pratibha Singh, Dr. Shankar R
EFFECT OF GREEN FINANCIAL PLANNING ON CORPORATE FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF MANUFACTURING FIRM SOUTHEAST NIGERIA
The study examined the effect of green financial planning on the corporate financial sustainability of manufacturing firms in southeast Nigeria. The particular goals are to assess the impact of Retirement Planning on corporate financial sustainability and evaluate the effect of Investment Planning on the corporate financial sustainability of manufacturing firms in Southeast Nigeria. For the study, a survey research design was chosen. Data was gathered using a five-point Likert scale and a structured questionnaire approach. Purposive sampling was used in the sampling process. The hypothesis was tested using Smart PLS version 4.0. Structural equation models were analyzed using SmartPLS 4.0. The result revealed indicating there is a statistically significant favorable effect of retirement planning and investment planning on the corporate financial sustainability of manufacturing firms in southeast Nigeria. We concluded that green financial planning has a significant positive effect on the corporate financial sustainability of manufacturing firms in southeast Nigeria. The study recommended that Manufacturing firms should develop comprehensive green financial strategies that encompass retirement planning and investment planning alongside other aspects of financial decision-making.
Corporate, Financial, Green, Planning, Sustainability.
Ozioko, C. Blessing, Ebisi Lilian Njideka, Osmund Chinweoda , Asogwa, Joseph Okechukwu, Oforbuike Francis Nwachukwu , Ugwu Chioma Pamela
THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER DIVERSITY ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC COMMERCIAL BANKS IN TANZANIA
This study examined the influence of gender diversity on employee performance in public commercial banks in Tanzania, addressing the existing gap on how gender-balanced workplaces shape behavioural and performance outcomes. Although gender diversity is widely recognised as a strategic resource for organizational competitiveness, many public commercial banks still experience challenges in effectively integrating diverse gender perspectives into daily operations. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine how gender diversity affects employee performance and whether human resource policy moderate this relationship. A descriptive research design was employed, and data were collected from 317 employees using a convenience sampling technique. The adequacy of the sample was confirmed through KMO tests ranging from 0.824 to 0.891. Data analysis involved SmartPLS, correlation, and regression analysis to examine direct and moderating effects. The findings revealed that gender diversity has a significant and positive influence on employee performance in public commercial banks in Tanzania. The results further indicated that perceptions of gender diversity and its effects on performance vary across gender, age groups, and levels of work experience. The study concludes that promoting and managing gender diversity is essential for enhancing productivity, job satisfaction, and employee engagement. It is recommended that public commercial banks strengthen policies and practices that support gender inclusiveness, minimize gender-related conflicts, promote person–job and person–organization fit, and utilize gender-diverse teams effectively. Enhancing gender diversity management will enable banks to maximize employee performance and remain competitive in the evolving financial sector.
Gender Diversity, Workforce Diversity, Employee Performance, Public Commercial Banks in Tanzania
BUSINESS PLANNING IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP: STRATEGIC, FINANCIAL, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
Entrepreneurship has emerged as a key driver of global economic growth and business innovation. At the heart of entrepreneurial success is strategic planning, with the business plan often serving as its central framework. A well-crafted business plan not only provides a clear roadmap for new ventures but also supports better decision-making, attracts investment, and increases the likelihood of long-term sustainability. However, academic research presents a more nuanced picture, highlighting both the advantages and the limitations of business planning—especially in unpredictable or rapidly changing environments. This paper examines the theoretical foundations, practical relevance, and economic and psychological effects of business planning, while also engaging with contemporary debates in the field. Drawing on empirical studies, literature reviews, and real-world examples, it argues that business planning remains a valuable tool for entrepreneurs, provided it is applied with insight and flexibility.
Entrepreneurship, Business Strategy, Start-up Success, and Financial Forecasting.
Maryam Ali Al Salmi. Halima Hassan Al Balushi, Fatma Ahmed Al Roohi
DIGITAL PLATFORMS UTILIZATION FOR CREATIVE ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT AMONG ART AND DESIGN STUDENTS: A STUDY AT THE SCIENTIFIC COLLEGE OF DESIGN
The study explores students' knowledge and use of digital platforms to cultivate creative, entrepreneurial skills in art and design at the Scientific College of Design. With the growth of tech-based entrepreneurship, it was important to evaluate students' understanding of how the creative industries rely on digital platforms for collaboration, commercialization, and visibility, to enhance academic support and career readiness. The study investigates students' awareness of various digital platforms, including social media, online services, and e-commerce websites. It examines the use of tools for self-branding and for creating entrepreneurial opportunities. The use of a mixed-methods approach comprising a literature review, a survey, and focus groups to examine patterns in digital awareness and engagement. The research findings reveal that students are aware of these platforms and actively use TikTok, Instagram, Behance, and Etsy to showcase their work. However, there is a lack of structured guidance on how to use them effectively in digital entrepreneurship. Hence, the study highlights the need to integrate digital marketing, personal branding, and platform analytics into the curriculum. Recommendations are to include tailored presentations or workshops with digital industry stakeholders. The study concludes that digital platforms play a pivotal role in shaping creative entrepreneurial pathways for emerging young artists and designers.
Digital literacy, digital entrepreneurship, art and design fields, creative industries, and innovation.
Dr. Harini Methuku, Hiba Qais Asim Al Shubaily, Reem Sami Abdullah Al Harrasi
E-WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN INDIA: THE EVOLVING ROLE OF THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL
Electronic waste, or e-waste, is one of the fastest growing types of waste in India. This increase is due to the growing use of electronic devices, while recycling efforts remain weak. India has regulatory framework such as the E-Waste (Management) Rules of 2016 and the updated Rules of 2022 to improve Extended Producer Responsibility, collection targets, and proper recycling practices; however, the execution part remains inconsistent. A significant proportion of discarded electronics is still handled by the informal recycling sector, exposing workers and nearby communities to hazardous substances and resulting in severe environmental contamination and public health risks. This uneven distribution of environmental risk raises serious environmental justice concerns in India, as vulnerable communities disproportionately bear the health burdens and ecological consequences of toxic e-waste processing, while the economic benefits of the electronics industry accumulate elsewhere. The National Green Tribunal (NGT), as a specialized environmental adjudicatory body, plays an important role in strengthening compliance with environmental norms, including those governing e- waste. However, poor coordination among agencies, data deficiencies, and weak operational capacity continue to limit the effectiveness of judicial intervention. This paper examines the concept of e-waste, its linkage with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the existing regulatory framework governing e-waste management in India. It further analyses the role of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) in improving e-waste governance, evaluates the key enforcement challenges that hinder effective implementation, and suggests judicial reforms to enhance environmental accountability and support India’s transition towards a circular economy.
Circular Economy, E-waste Management, Extended Producer Responsibility, India, National Green Tribunal
BARRIERS TO DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN MUNICIPAL REVENUE SYSTEMS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION OBSTACLES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AT THE KANYE DISTRICT MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, BOTSWANA
This study examines the barriers impeding digital transformation in municipal revenue collection systems within the Kanye District Municipal Council, Botswana, and their consequent effects on financial performance indicators. Despite global momentum toward digital governance, African local authorities continue to face substantial obstacles in adopting revenue digitization technologies, resulting in persistent revenue leakage, low collection efficiency ratios, billing inaccuracies, and delayed payment turnaround times. Employing a qualitative research design grounded in the Technology Organization Environment (TOE) framework, this investigation utilizes semi-structured interviews with revenue officers, IT personnel, finance managers, and municipal leadership to identify and analyze multifaceted adoption barriers. Thematic analysis reveals six primary barrier categories: technical infrastructure deficiencies, human capacity constraints, organizational culture and leadership resistance, system integration challenges, policy and regulatory inadequacies, and financial resource limitations. Findings indicate that these barriers collectively undermine digital transformation efforts and directly impair municipal financial performance through increased revenue leakage (averaging 23-35% of potential collections), reduced billing accuracy (65-72% efficiency), and extended payment cycles (45-90 days). The study contributes to the digital governance literature by providing empirical evidence from a Southern African context and offers practical recommendations for organizational reform, infrastructure modernization, capacity-building interventions, and policy realignment to enhance revenue system digitization in resource-constrained municipal settings.
Digital Transformation, Municipal Revenue Collection, TOE Framework, Financial Performance, Technology Adoption Barriers, Local Government, Botswana, E-Payment Systems, Revenue Leakage, Collection Efficiency
Kudakwashe Muchenje, Ashok Purohit, Canisio Mutsindikwa
POLITICAL BEHAVIOR, ENGAGEMENT, AND TURNOVER INTENTION: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF BANK EMPLOYEES
Background/Aims: Organisational politics has become an important determinant of employee behaviour, affecting engagement, satisfaction, and turnover. Employee engagement is essential for organisational success, while high turnover rates can threaten productivity and stability. This study aimed to examine the relationships between organisational politics, employee engagement, and turnover intention among employees of the Development Bank (DB). Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted among 300 full-time DB employees using an online survey. The Organisational Politics Self-Esteem Scale, Utrecht Employee Engagement Scale-9, and Employee Turnover Intention Scale were used for data collection. Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression, were performed using IBM SPSS version 30. Results: Participants reported moderate perceptions of organisational politics (M = 2.51 ± 1.10) and high work engagement (M = 4.29 ± 0.77). Significant demographic variations were observed across age, department, and position. Organisational politics dimensions—particularly pay and promotion politics—were positively correlated with turnover intention (r = 0.679, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with engagement (r = –0.359, p < 0.01). The regression model indicated that organisational politics and engagement together explained 62% of the variance in turnover intention. Higher engagement, especially vigour, was inversely associated with turnover intention (B = –0.384, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Organisational politics significantly influences engagement and turnover intention among DB employees. Promoting transparent management practices, equitable reward systems, and participatory decision-making can strengthen engagement, reduce turnover risk, and enhance organisational effectiveness within the banking sector.
Organisational Politics; Employee Engagement; Turnover Intention; Banking Sector; Oman
Khalifa Al Maamari, Dr. Hamiza Jamaluddin
DRUG DOSAGE REGIMEN FOR GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE PROPHYLAXIS IN STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION: A REVIEW
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a life-threatening immunological complication that frequently follows allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), a curative option for several hematological malignancies and non-malignant disorders. GVHD arises when donor-derived T lymphocytes recognize the recipient’s tissues as foreign, leading to systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction. It is clinically categorized into acute and chronic forms, each with distinct etiopathological features. Preventive strategies aim to mitigate GVHD while preserving graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects. This review summarizes the pathogenesis, classification, risk factors, and evolving pharmacological approaches used for GVHD prophylaxis, emphasizing their mechanisms and clinical outcomes.
Jyothi Goutham Kumar, Mahendra Kumar Betur Jayappa
EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT AS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS AND TURNOVER INTENTION AMONG DEVELOPMENT BANK EMPLOYEES IN OMAN
Background: Organisational politics are a common feature of workplaces and can shape employees’ motivation, engagement, and retention. Perceived unfairness or favouritism in pay and promotion decisions often leads to disengagement and increased turnover intention. This study examined the impact of organisational politics—political behaviour (PB), go-along-to-get-ahead (GAGA), and pay and promotion politics (PPP)—on employee engagement and turnover intention among staff in development banks in Oman. Employee engagement was tested as a mediator in these relationships. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey design was employed. Data were collected from 300 full-time employees across various departments and hierarchical levels. Employee engagement was conceptualised as a second-order construct comprising vigour, dedication, and absorption. SmartPLS 4.2 was used to analyse the measurement and structural models with bootstrapping (10,000 resamples). Results: PPP had a significant positive effect on turnover intention (β = 0.55, p < .001) and a significant negative effect on engagement (β = –0.29, p = .001). PB and GAGA had no significant effects. Employee engagement negatively predicted turnover intention (β = –0.38, p < .001) and significantly mediated the relationship between PPP and turnover intention (β = 0.11, p = .002). The model explained 17.1% of the variance in engagement and 58.9% in turnover intention. Conclusion: Perceived unfairness in pay and promotion reduces engagement and increases turnover risk. Transparent and merit-based systems are essential to enhancing engagement and retention in the banking sector.
Organisational Politics, Employee Engagement, Turnover Intention, Pay and Promotion Politics, PLS-SEM, Oman
AI-POWERED PROCESS OPTIMIZATION: REDUCING WASTE AND IMPROVING EFFICIENCY IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR OF UDAIPUR, RAJASTHAN – A SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool for enhancing operational efficiency, reducing resource wastage, and enabling sustainable industrial growth. In India, while large manufacturing clusters have begun adopting AI-powered technologies, smaller industrial hubs such as Udaipur, Rajasthan remain at an early stage of digital transformation. This study explores the potential of AI-powered process optimization to reduce waste and improve efficiency in Udaipur’s industrial sector through a comprehensive analysis of secondary data. The research draws upon government reports, industry publications, and academic studies to assess existing industrial practices, identify opportunities for AI integration, and examine the challenges that impede adoption. Findings indicate that sectors such as marble processing, mining, and small-scale manufacturing exhibit significant inefficiencies that can be addressed through predictive maintenance, real-time analytics, and AI-enabled quality control systems. The study concludes with strategic recommendations to support AI adoption in Udaipur’s industries through capacity building, policy interventions, and technological partnerships, thereby contributing to sustainable industrial development in the region.
Artificial Intelligence, Process Optimization, Industrial Efficiency, Waste Reduction, Udaipur, Secondary Data Analysis, Management, Industry 4.0.
Business Diplomacy Management Competency Model for the Managerial Level in the Kenyan Tourism Industry
This study aims to create a competency model for managers in the Kenyan tourism sector, with an emphasis on business diplomacy. The investigation was directed by two main objectives and research questions that concentrate on the existing and aspirational competencies of managers concerning business diplomacy in Kenya's tourism sector. The research employs a qualitative design centred on core competencies as well as the emotional and social competencies theories put forth by Boyatzis (2008). Twenty tourism enterprises in Kenya were chosen using purposeful, stratified, and simple random sampling techniques, with their managers constituting the sample size for the research. The interview schedule serves as a mechanism for data collection, with its reliability assessed through a non-proportionate method by experts who evaluate the quality of the tool to ensure it is thorough, clear, and measurable. Data collection was conducted in five stages: phase 1 involved a pilot study, followed by phases 2, 3, 4, and 5, with analysis commencing immediately thereafter. The modified Van Kaam Moustakas method was utilized to direct the data analysis process, which is presented in a thematic narrative format consistent with the study's objectives. The study revealed that managers have knowledge, skills, and attitudes relevant to business diplomacy; however, these alone are inadequate for fostering effective growth in the tourism sector, underscoring the need for critical competencies in the field of business diplomacy. Validated by experts, a competency model of business diplomacy has been developed using the Focus Group method. The adoption of this model would greatly enhance human capital development in the tourism sector, in accordance with the Kenyan vision 2030.
Business Diplomacy, Business Diplomacy Competencies, Kenyan Tourism Industry.
Jeniffer Karimi Njiru, Dr. Phithagorn Thanitbenjasith
REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE STRUCTURE, CAPITAL EXPENDITURE, AND PROFITABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA’S LISTED BEVERAGE COMPANIES
Based on panel data from Chinese A-share listed beverage companies from 2014 to 2023, this paper uses ordinary least squares (OLS) to conduct a baseline regression. Using return on assets (ROA) as the explained variable, this paper systematically examines the direct impact of financial indicators such as sales revenue, accounts receivable, investment income, operating costs, accounts payable, period expense ratio, and R&D investment on firm profitability. Furthermore, capital expenditure (CE) is introduced as a mediating variable. Through stepwise regression and mediation effect tests, this paper further reveals the indirect mechanism by which revenue and expenditure structure influence profitability through investment decisions. The empirical results show that sales revenue, investment income, and period expense ratio have a significant positive impact on firm profitability, while operating costs and R&D investment have a significant negative impact on profitability. Accounts receivable and accounts payable have no significant impact on profitability. Further mediation effect analysis reveals that capital expenditure has a significant transmission effect between some financial indicators and profitability, indicating that firms’ capital investment decisions play an important mediating role in the relationship between revenue, costs, and profitability. Overall, this study reveals the main financial drivers of profitability in the beverage industry and their impact paths, providing an empirical basis for understanding the profit model of industry enterprises.
beverage industry; expenditure structure; profitability; return on assets
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND GREEN INNOVATION: EVIDENCE FROM CHINESE LISTED COMPANIES
This research paper empirically investigates the influence of corporate governance on internal innovation, with a particular focus on green innovation (GI). Drawing from the perspective of internal governance mechanisms, the study examines the effects of equity checks and balances (EB), executive incentives (EI), board size (BS), and board independence (BI) on corporate green innovation. Utilizing unbalanced panel data from Chinese A-share listed companies spanning 2008 to 2022, the analysis employs a two-way fixed effects regression model. The research methodology and variable selection are informed by the frameworks of Nageri and Gunu (2020) and Zhao et al (2023). The empirical results reveal that EB, EI, and BS exert significantly positive effects on GI, whereas BI shows no statistically significant relationship. The originality of this study lies in its comprehensive analysis of how internal governance structures systematically shape green innovation outcomes. By constructing an integrated analytical framework, this study contributes to the theoretical understanding of corporate green innovation drivers. Moreover, the findings offer valuable insights for both policymakers and corporate leaders, particularly under the strategic imperative of “dual carbon” goals, highlighting the importance of optimizing internal governance to strengthen long-term innovation capacity and competitive advantage.
Equity checks and balances, executive incentives, board size, board independence, corporate green innovation
FINTECH DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIAL BANKS
The adoption of financial technology (fintech) by commercial banks has surged over the past decade, particularly in emerging markets, as institutions seek to enhance service delivery, reduce operational costs, and extend financial inclusion. This study synthesizes evidence from multiple regions—Africa, Asia, and the Gulf Cooperation Countries—on the impact of fintech on bank performance and efficiency. Findings reveal mixed results: while fintech initiatives such as mobile banking, internet banking, and cashless payment systems generally enhance banking access and operational efficiency, their influence on financial performance indicators like return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) varies significantly across contexts. In South Africa, mobile broadband subscriptions (MBS) showed limited correlation with profitability, except for banks that aggressively digitized operations. In Indonesia, fintech regulation had differential impacts across bank types, with regional banks experiencing more pronounced changes. In Malaysia and India, cashless payments and mobile banking were positively associated with bank efficiency and profitability. Conversely, studies from the Gulf and China highlight that increased fintech competition and investment costs can depress profitability, particularly in the short term. Overall, while fintech has broadly improved service delivery and customer reach, the associated costs and competitive pressures from neobanks and fintech firms may offset financial gains for traditional banks, especially those slow to adapt. The study underscores the need for strategic alignment between fintech investments and long-term financial goals to optimize returns.
Bank Efficiency, Fintech Development, Africa, Asia and Gulf Cooperation Countries