THE QUEST FOR DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN NIGERIA: THE FOURTH REPUBLIC EXPERIENCE (1999 - 2023)

Abstract

Nigeria is regarded as the giant of Africa due to its vast population, diverse landscape, and rich natural resources, which mirrors many African nations in its post-colonial journey. Having gained independence from Britain in 1960, a period marked by the Cold War's reshaping global politics, Nigeria has experienced a tumultuous path towards nationhood. This path has been fraught with military coups, civil wars, ethno-religious conflicts, corruption, political instability, insecurity, and economic crises. The transition back to democratic governance in 1999, after nearly three decades under military rule, was met with optimism for a renewed adherence to constitutionalism, the rule of law, and credible democratic processes. However, after two decades of democratic rule and seven electoral cycles, Nigeria still faces significant hurdles in solidifying its democracy. While elections are celebrated as democratic milestones, the persistent challenges in conducting free and credible elections that satisfy all stakeholders remain a critical obstacle in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic. This narrative is common across several African nations. This paper conducts a historical analysis of Nigeria’s political developments post-independence, examines trends since the 1999 return to democracy, identifies challenges to democratic consolidation, and proposes solutions to consolidate democracy in Nigeria and across the continent. The quantitative study draws on compiled author data and secondary sources, with data analyzed through content analysis.